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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION! O, A" n. `: V5 ~
Formal Statements; l, m/ e* [7 F2 Q! J7 q5 @9 q# A8 N
1. Public Speeches: \* y0 v# [0 E( H4 P9 e. ~
2. Letters of opposition or support
$ P# s7 l6 y W: O; b6 c1 x- ? 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions* c$ s; l/ O$ }3 ~$ W! H
4. Signed public statements
3 R7 a3 U$ q. g! ]: V 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
$ I1 Z2 h/ {+ Q- i% ~, N; ~$ F% i 6. Group or mass petitions d, @7 a# ~# `8 P5 d! F
8 g+ d. x3 ]8 _
Communications with a Wider Audience
% A/ R. I1 o9 b) W6 s 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
n o7 @3 @( E 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
, l0 T8 m+ A4 T7 B/ D9 Q, B$ ~ 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books" ^/ e4 _7 l' e2 L0 E; X$ ?3 y% l6 l
10. Newspapers and journals$ N" \) n, L4 w: D( X, u
11. Records, radio, and television. f' D) P' V. L. F, \( C5 S- x
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
( C4 N6 u4 M* A1 l2 s
4 s+ l! k) L* j! Y+ B6 FGroup Representations
3 L" q- O, F& u1 I7 N. ?) Q9 \ 13. Deputations
3 T9 \+ E/ M# n9 Q9 U/ a; ` 14. Mock awards2 _ Q Q" m' U6 D: d+ |! H
15. Group lobbying; b' l0 F! [3 j6 F
16. Picketing
4 h# ~, U0 w1 X; q! O# S 17. Mock elections
, @4 L: Z1 w8 h. y4 x" T6 J; t7 b# O8 s
; T+ {& [: e, c. XSymbolic Public Acts0 D' y% |2 |; P* M& r; t, @
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
8 u+ N1 P& ^6 C5 u5 H8 N 19. Wearing of symbols2 g# o6 k$ O6 v( A9 @! m
20. Prayer and worship
! ?3 C. W) Q$ { 21. Delivering symbolic objects! i1 H7 p, _ f4 W: ^
22. Protest disrobings* ?( O% e- g0 Y1 R2 A$ u
23. Destruction of own property
) s! \3 s: a2 S3 W: t# n" ?1 j% H 24. Symbolic lights
& |$ d5 m# d9 R, m- d$ X) J2 l3 n. q 25. Displays of portraits6 E7 D- U- ]' B8 ^
26. Paint as protest
2 m3 _) B8 A) N 27. New signs and names8 }6 U" U& K5 D0 m1 k/ l
28. Symbolic sounds
% G; p& u8 l' ?# a6 r 29. Symbolic reclamations
) e; q. q5 L. j1 _ 30. Rude gestures
6 I7 d4 Q! E- p" x& k7 N3 W _( \# `# W. V
Pressures on Individuals% ]# }5 e- L$ b
31. “Haunting” officials' U6 {4 U: h5 J) A7 w# [8 o
32. Taunting officials
% Z0 U0 l' N& u& M9 }8 M 33. Fraternization
, f% r1 Y" Y4 H, [" T7 d 34. Vigils
' e: O" W) O( W" j! O b3 \. p7 J7 c' N9 ^
Drama and Music, b+ i. v. u! x' }) s
35. Humorous skits and pranks
" a7 x' P. J/ f u! L9 h% y 36. Performances of plays and music0 X( Y7 f3 E2 C# w0 F- p) H
37. Singing: S7 p- q( _" T: { S
; M0 Q; H# e& {" Q. e" x4 ^0 A0 k
Processions
0 z0 P7 a+ o. r 38. Marches* b* _9 x& G; g$ @1 T
39. Parades
5 K6 H! a# s) \$ u 40. Religious processions
2 G! |6 a& u! s, \' x9 j3 L 41. Pilgrimages
: p( p3 w1 e7 Q" U& z 42. Motorcades/ [' R4 i0 J! s* m+ o
" }* Q1 |& ^. U; `/ d: q) ?4 r- G" Q
Honoring the Dead
4 m5 v5 s, u! [9 @7 }% S 43. Political mourning! n# [) ]0 ~' _; ]& R% B' @: z
44. Mock funerals0 q4 w7 \: W3 {9 I
45. Demonstrative funerals
0 b: C1 R/ P- V& M0 Q7 n+ W" Z, c7 ~ 46. Homage at burial places
. G, g D% i3 K; B
' s9 s3 v4 j* [& m W, i2 O* BPublic Assemblies
6 Y" J) [2 \6 x' @ 47. Assemblies of protest or support2 v, F! Z- n& f+ U4 s
48. Protest meetings z5 G+ Z+ F6 Y6 ]
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
4 R$ v/ |* E- M u4 v/ Z! D7 c8 s 50. Teach-ins
' W, U3 c: f; L: B4 o: h2 X+ d2 ^3 r" I9 h! _" n' i7 l
Withdrawal and Renunciation0 J# Z* o+ r9 t. U; ^' ?/ c
51. Walk-outs+ o3 u- j, g4 ~ J! {
52. Silence' I7 D9 a2 v' L& ?$ P
53. Renouncing honors0 X9 |9 [6 Z, W6 F6 E; U/ W7 D
54. Turning one’s back3 ]/ c. a; M5 x3 w, q0 T* Z2 ^
+ [/ \$ [/ [8 n/ b# v3 v( F0 L, X
2 c( I6 e2 \* k7 o: m. e# q: q/ w7 B6 K- p* g( E7 u1 o8 @
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
5 c# w* K: w3 n/ L/ w* o+ E' }0 ^6 [4 q- F4 `; C& O, L/ o
+ n5 a3 K) R) u( D I; z4 N# Z' {1 j8 V8 h. h- e R4 `# H
Ostracism of Persons
5 N; h( J; x) E; |/ k4 H ` 55. Social boycott+ Y( Z ^0 p. S# h5 v% c. S2 x2 u
56. Selective social boycott; F4 b' z, ^' m
57. Lysistratic nonaction* b! M5 {3 W$ Z- v) {
58. Excommunication
' K0 ^) H" r# s& @ 59. Interdict
8 E2 Q H9 _# @3 ~2 E2 k3 c& R) Y. @
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
6 E4 Z3 D% \' C3 W: d& w. L7 | l 60. Suspension of social and sports activities" |: F, N: ~4 {' `! M3 [' Y
61. Boycott of social affairs. C* ^; v$ \+ D! @8 g% ^; d
62. Student strike) v P/ t8 r5 Q) |& c
63. Social disobedience) `4 d; j6 R. m7 L* [5 H" A4 ^* Q7 M* Q
64. Withdrawal from social institutions' I1 x' T# f) [& O% `: z( m
m' y: W& Y5 e. G. |Withdrawal from the Social System
" p& R, k0 J& @) M z 65. Stay-at-home( f2 j& z6 @# K& o
66. Total personal noncooperation
5 f" @+ G3 w/ ]$ Y E( d/ E# ~ 67. “Flight” of workers8 v3 i/ \" S0 v9 W1 j& e& Q
68. Sanctuary
) `' `# i5 O7 X0 I. h/ N 69. Collective disappearance3 y' ~; y( K* r4 z0 F* W
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)& ?- b. e/ t5 ?$ b6 w6 O* D
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/ ^& T; W9 J8 q, ^( tTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS3 W) T' y1 k+ c' w
* ?( f% k# H L/ |2 \ J
9 K3 ^/ _- ]! p, }: \+ b+ ~Actions by Consumers/ m% l& L% f3 C/ S, i6 h2 y! V+ h- @
71. Consumers’ boycott
7 G4 Y R: u4 X* `+ z6 n% N* f 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods. z% J- C n( `1 K
73. Policy of austerity
3 |1 P9 R( d" Z1 _, D; w6 r 74. Rent withholding4 X1 g4 p. W. B4 w( ^2 w$ l
75. Refusal to rent
; z8 H" _# p V9 X( ]9 [ 76. National consumers’ boycott2 L! o2 t& w% s: q; I+ a( T9 ?
77. International consumers’ boycott
, I# p+ ` O( K5 U" R6 c7 g( A: |$ Q2 ? j2 o- \: j* o7 U
Action by Workers and Producers
2 E. H$ a8 W, G$ C. Y* X 78. Workmen’s boycott5 j& O2 a. l; a1 i# W. Q
79. Producers’ boycott N, b; T" W2 m( E3 I( M% T; }
# e. _" Z4 h* {
Action by Middlemen& t, Z# E. O* z
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott3 u, f) N0 d( H: G& I
9 z3 N4 o3 Z! g. sAction by Owners and Management- M8 G% s P7 ` p
81. Traders’ boycott( b" z0 i1 ^8 @# _
82. Refusal to let or sell property9 ~% Z1 O- S. k+ O% I5 V
83. Lockout5 `$ Z K: n0 \; @+ y! [) G
84. Refusal of industrial assistance* |( M5 G: L7 r
85. Merchants’ “general strike”: ~* t5 V5 p9 b
& ~' E4 G2 I, YAction by Holders of Financial Resources3 f$ w, o# R6 h; ], _! _+ U
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits* t( h; l P3 |% j9 {' h7 D
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
4 H! _* q5 q. Y0 z" P! x 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
2 z8 r# E6 x( W3 @- I4 D% a7 [ 89. Severance of funds and credit2 h0 T# V) _8 y
90. Revenue refusal
$ c, ~. m! f; P$ `5 Z* L 91. Refusal of a government’s money
' `- V0 Y% |5 p$ g
9 T+ p6 Y+ \% |7 ?7 cAction by Governments
( g. E* o# K2 D( S 92. Domestic embargo
4 m7 G% y# O" e. P2 K- C 93. Blacklisting of traders% [4 w5 Y9 Z9 \0 I m
94. International sellers’ embargo
: \5 v1 q+ |, q; r; h/ D0 E+ _) w2 H 95. International buyers’ embargo
; ~& m) W2 i" w9 N2 a9 G- P 96. International trade embargo
F: s1 s( j$ d/ O/ E% d T6 Q) T- q! g3 Z
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: Y9 I+ o5 `$ P' H3 d
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
5 l: t" ]. H; Y
7 U" {2 y0 D9 f9 l$ V& B* ~) a
/ ~5 ^# g$ e/ E% N* U3 CSymbolic Strikes8 |1 o4 f# m' v7 L6 Q
97. Protest strike- k4 G" O! E; n3 {7 L
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)' K4 K7 ?) C; u/ z* J! P0 p2 D) f
# r0 z0 K. r$ J. p- a9 `: `
Agricultural Strikes
: `/ ^( L: S" s5 m; b 99. Peasant strike
8 p/ a% ]9 u9 Z- ~; v' s8 U; i 100. Farm Workers’ strike% w% D+ a, n+ U+ g) a; p8 h/ T
4 t% R ?# @5 q2 B
Strikes by Special Groups
* v! R+ F3 ]6 {2 x1 R% L 101. Refusal of impressed labor- l' M) m# r. M$ }6 ?8 c8 M1 p' O( t7 y
102. Prisoners’ strike
0 o; k; K' g7 R 103. Craft strike' \/ C6 d8 t! a4 L6 n9 a3 A3 x
104. Professional strike" ^2 a8 C- ~" S$ C
" B) R, H& }/ [4 z; B6 t/ vOrdinary Industrial Strikes) W) H8 v$ \& e5 R: W: X9 Z
105. Establishment strike
) r, x- X# _3 x2 L7 @ 106. Industry strike
6 X3 M& t `+ r/ X$ N 107. Sympathetic strike: v" o' t( z0 E$ Z- M) s
$ d3 u9 `6 B2 S- e8 n0 y1 u8 o. |
Restricted Strikes$ s* f* Q# M" D( W
108. Detailed strike+ c! A$ `6 G; V2 Y
109. Bumper strike) j; u0 G: `& k1 P- W9 v, C
110. Slowdown strike8 P' s/ e/ O1 G! P& A: J) ~
111. Working-to-rule strike
& y2 J: F1 k! \7 n 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)* F, q; p0 L# O- Y! O( F
113. Strike by resignation# f4 K" A! R+ R$ b
114. Limited strike+ m/ T8 a4 A" m8 E$ u. J2 n. P
115. Selective strike y. G/ n8 x6 a5 T+ w" p, H& o
3 D9 ?$ Y! d: |: L2 h+ WMulti-Industry Strikes% n$ O O% y& `/ {
, B0 Y0 m3 W2 N, s2 u# V 116. Generalized strike
( j% w6 y1 Z( |% I' G) |" b7 i/ f# g# _
117. General strike
; X6 S+ E/ g) o% B+ _4 c' v5 u9 t$ I! `" _! ~( E8 l
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
5 N$ p- r1 U& Y; X! R
, [) K* m- R* L" z0 d 118. Hartal
4 H2 w9 P% I9 b# \8 L' |' T
$ w: a9 [- o0 g2 R& y7 W9 X 119. Economic shutdown
: Z; z$ T7 z- f& |! k. K: T4 b( o
$ c; C* p1 v9 o0 d7 S : R9 N, f+ Q R: W; G7 X9 r
8 w, I+ g' [5 G; \THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION* w+ e' m* M! Q L& @1 E1 Y) s, m
2 i3 H! V: `8 d3 r3 O
- F* e2 R. u8 Y; h& e6 w- w
Rejection of Authority
9 T! n) s) R2 \* D/ t" _8 g B 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
/ D6 _1 o9 Y; N# f3 H( ~/ D z 121. Refusal of public support
8 z, ~/ V4 E, Z; Z: \6 p0 x1 u, r 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
0 `5 f4 Y# ^0 E: ]8 |6 }5 }5 g8 D1 `- I( q
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government, p7 F1 A: I' _% V8 W- y, b5 ~/ C# ]
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
& r$ j3 {! x, K. | 124. Boycott of elections
5 n3 w" ~2 Q9 ~9 ^; r 125. Boycott of government employment and positions4 ?- g& S1 k2 [+ k, U* R( X
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies2 u! ^, y2 O; m; {: k: X
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions2 j/ F1 ^3 G& j5 ?
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
6 {, o$ x- q' w 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents- D3 Z- P: y% G7 d5 Y% t2 w
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
/ m: ^# F6 T+ c8 Z! Z+ A5 _; D# } 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
# @; s! U" k6 F. x" z 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions+ D* \- d6 H# n+ D$ K3 O i8 e
! N( p; U5 W( l; j
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience# L9 X/ q5 L, o) k9 z
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
3 {7 h. i; q: s* n0 W5 }1 @1 f6 b 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
. J! b0 J+ e/ `, k) ?* ~ 135. Popular nonobedience, N+ e* N0 P& ~* V ]+ Z& V
136. Disguised disobedience
6 l! Y8 _9 J5 h- a+ F 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
! Y/ J {6 f8 }+ C! u, p 138. Sitdown* u- L; {; {8 F: q$ |
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
; r Y( {" t7 T) A* g+ T: B- |3 U 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities* n9 G( ]( M p' I; C% T S
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws+ Y; Y8 f9 g( N" V; G
9 a: N+ M3 ?* a$ \( cAction by Government Personnel
( V+ k8 Q) q% h2 ?7 z 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides. y* \: }0 W1 B6 R3 k" h
143. Blocking of lines of command and information8 A2 J# L& m9 ]( q2 H8 l
144. Stalling and obstruction
7 `! v! U: i/ C ]0 M+ i 145. General administrative noncooperation
1 _* h; d- Z0 ^' Z7 ^. g: L! l1 A4 Z
146. Judicial noncooperation
% x3 s: V$ m( M8 F. ^. L1 `9 i* k 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
! L3 K" \+ S; c% @1 P( \ 148. Mutiny0 ~( `$ N0 F, n7 S G
Domestic Governmental Action5 ?1 P' q. O) W& F8 G. M
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
1 S6 j: {+ ~2 G/ F1 d 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
2 U7 c, k2 _; h4 F0 ]% |' j" }) R
, E1 f$ ~" w8 \8 z' P2 `; qInternational Governmental Action
# [% Q' Y& j- k 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
, r2 t# r3 u1 { Z$ i4 q# G0 _ 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
+ v- b j6 y6 x" o 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
7 D2 H* v/ \+ J- X. ~2 `9 k 154. Severance of diplomatic relations1 k: Y7 H( j6 f+ ]
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
2 ?' i8 }) M6 i7 \5 A/ q* | Q 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies9 |# e, t( H3 l k
157. Expulsion from international organizations1 u2 |1 \& R2 M$ F
: H/ |7 Y/ e* n1 B
8 I. V* o( y) b) H& N% p U1 Q# N
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
7 g. x r4 P% E7 T& b: c5 i
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3 q8 n) K0 e6 ]7 U2 B N/ O$ BPsychological Intervention4 j) g5 `, l" G2 `! ~1 Q
158. Self-exposure to the elements& B3 w# s( N/ W1 ~
159. The fast
( j/ q! ?* n* A' Q3 p0 ]+ t a) Fast of moral pressure+ f& {4 u" y+ @1 L/ G8 N: h: [
b) Hunger strike
V/ F" ~5 A1 D" u c) Satyagrahic fast
" x j: [; X" H& b" F+ E9 w 160. Reverse trial) D% L& O. }6 B8 Y; [. v
161. Nonviolent harassment6 j& x& P% C- }$ w6 }# U
) A( D2 `; m% w, @% U0 D Q
Physical Intervention
4 a h% h4 `4 F3 T. a Z' P- p 162. Sit-in0 M% y6 [' ~) E. U- b
163. Stand-in6 X/ J) M6 K% U0 I
164. Ride-in
! E- M( M6 ?: ]8 c 165. Wade-in8 A) {: r" {; v' m) a% G
166. Mill-in& S# m. G- l7 ]
167. Pray-in9 B) {! I0 r. r' ]* n) `
168. Nonviolent raids$ L& ^% e/ J1 c
169. Nonviolent air raids! W/ W& b9 s+ S4 Q/ [( @4 p
170. Nonviolent invasion' @8 [* n0 x9 n% l( Q, p+ t
171. Nonviolent interjection( @+ P4 u9 o1 L7 n/ z& R+ \: ?. \
172. Nonviolent obstruction
}3 K( E( `! W# {6 g! f1 Z 173. Nonviolent occupation
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- v- `6 W$ p" y9 X5 {) LSocial Intervention1 q |* f$ m: H9 H' W
174. Establishing new social patterns# y2 t7 Q5 ?( K3 C7 v) [
175. Overloading of facilities7 K. [2 S$ @8 d- u3 @; C6 h
176. Stall-in* j4 R& r8 I+ I, j6 g w+ @
177. Speak-in& J2 O o/ t4 y9 J6 E
178. Guerrilla theater
# L* l! j, Q6 D; K 179. Alternative social institutions
) ?5 [! Y9 V. p1 t 180. Alternative communication system( c5 @3 R' S# }" W" P* G, n
" l- H% B2 I" l
Economic Intervention
0 f7 S, L1 ^. f5 |4 f9 o 181. Reverse strike/ N9 d) C* ?( }
182. Stay-in strike# w3 Q8 G7 D/ L2 q3 S9 t
183. Nonviolent land seizure& h9 z) i3 Y: a. \2 b9 n; g
184. Defiance of blockades
) @3 ^# y. `+ r& a 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
. u! m" V( O2 x0 {$ u 186. Preclusive purchasing. u$ n) N$ n# h
187. Seizure of assets. z5 O2 w* H1 R
188. Dumping
* v7 [, m! l7 |: M& H 189. Selective patronage$ }$ f' A; Z0 r' Q! L- m
190. Alternative markets) u2 U0 t. d/ U- d6 ^3 E( y
191. Alternative transportation systems
% p [ b, h3 Q$ s 192. Alternative economic institutions# Z4 a' {9 _, t C/ @2 J
8 r" \6 Z( W" j2 \
Political Intervention; Z& C) T4 K4 X3 j, e
193. Overloading of administrative systems
+ N$ b' A6 A P4 m 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents) ]3 d7 ]) s( W& G
195. Seeking imprisonment! X' }5 \2 G/ L8 i9 x, ~
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws. o9 M0 L- W6 g7 G" V
197. Work-on without collaboration1 z8 C! _3 t P8 X% q1 d4 a* v
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
4 k- h* s g7 C' l% l2 ]- c, I1 f% C, ^* l8 d+ O
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