 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
, R; f+ x8 j: [: n! CFormal Statements
$ i7 [% c$ K7 U$ E5 W/ t 1. Public Speeches
' N$ c1 V/ K7 Y( i) a4 D( a7 q7 j 2. Letters of opposition or support
3 h9 ]* W" |' A& w* m. e- ^# z! |9 k 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions7 f& g3 \/ p$ t; j# B& G
4. Signed public statements+ \8 w! l+ c+ _' ^4 J' p1 e [
5. Declarations of indictment and intention2 @5 X9 v/ y7 t+ l, L5 G
6. Group or mass petitions: j# f% i1 Q, x! {1 q1 Q
! ?* j. p0 {$ K! U, A
Communications with a Wider Audience I7 M, `" _; z
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
3 I0 q$ o. o% O- { X8 {0 x u9 p6 { 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications$ x9 ~" B/ m7 p# J9 U. V8 _) ^
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
6 X1 D; R! f2 L+ W( X% { 10. Newspapers and journals$ Y8 V. \& B; p' a+ {$ @
11. Records, radio, and television
6 i' ^0 \- h5 _9 S( I3 N 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
4 A) p7 T5 U3 H6 Z0 W" a# ~& b$ y0 E6 U$ L
Group Representations
2 Z/ ^* i) O" p8 {$ r+ w8 H. \9 \ 13. Deputations* f. F1 b4 \ h
14. Mock awards4 T/ ]1 R( q3 \ H& e5 i* o
15. Group lobbying
1 e& }. m' C1 C) X4 I6 C 16. Picketing
$ M6 F- S9 q0 m; ?7 @2 s# h 17. Mock elections4 z+ N5 Q4 H# l+ f5 a
0 w" g) m$ f; K6 \Symbolic Public Acts( v+ x5 `* X" k/ o2 p
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors0 {2 A: }5 O! u7 R, X3 R
19. Wearing of symbols i2 b3 Z& B9 k, O# _
20. Prayer and worship
4 T. A1 N) B; T 21. Delivering symbolic objects
2 [* v5 B% \9 M 22. Protest disrobings, y* X2 k7 W: j; i: v
23. Destruction of own property
8 Q9 ]- j0 Y+ X' ^8 B F5 q 24. Symbolic lights
* S# K0 H; n) v+ Z' B 25. Displays of portraits) A6 Y# K6 A( C7 s# f
26. Paint as protest
/ \' O0 O1 K$ X U' ~ 27. New signs and names4 {3 e6 H6 H; l! V; D2 ~
28. Symbolic sounds
* f' B, D) t. a/ Q# |: P 29. Symbolic reclamations( l$ o9 K1 W8 v/ n1 c
30. Rude gestures6 e5 {8 k6 j! b3 y+ D
$ J2 q, v0 j# S6 y3 s
Pressures on Individuals6 D Z6 A0 ]" }- L9 X% `0 i6 K
31. “Haunting” officials) I7 M# v. S0 m
32. Taunting officials& O% _1 c+ M$ g& R2 y6 Y% n" t) J
33. Fraternization. M% c) Z* j* i5 R) u- h+ c
34. Vigils
3 g& o; J) o; t/ G1 L$ ~; s$ \2 y- w! s8 ]" a+ u' j2 ~3 S
Drama and Music
& x. U2 x( g9 c+ [3 ] 35. Humorous skits and pranks7 x1 Q! l' x/ C5 M
36. Performances of plays and music. u* K& q6 x: u4 u
37. Singing
0 ]+ y+ d4 M# i9 \& o( L& Z/ S& R, ?0 F9 t# e
Processions
) ]% T# U4 ]0 B8 I& H3 t6 e 38. Marches1 g/ b3 M8 W$ i/ C. O# u
39. Parades' Q' y, O$ s0 G
40. Religious processions
" _0 j m. R9 n4 P: ? 41. Pilgrimages
8 [3 M1 A2 ~; {6 s 42. Motorcades& ?* ^. I( n8 q3 T
4 d8 x) G1 C# W( Q+ G$ ~4 E4 H
Honoring the Dead; Y/ t3 W: w& y1 a9 q+ z$ x! ^1 P% i
43. Political mourning# H6 j5 n9 W' D8 p% g8 [5 T
44. Mock funerals9 P* j; j7 v* c4 {+ \; z" m) z
45. Demonstrative funerals: M7 t& F1 S; s3 z$ w! Q
46. Homage at burial places6 ?& s, f4 [7 C" t8 P
1 k( u* d. B/ ]4 Z7 `% ePublic Assemblies
* t$ V. t `( s8 U! {1 R8 S 47. Assemblies of protest or support
! j, I( m3 l/ i6 [ 48. Protest meetings
, g& y( s; N6 b* P$ g 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
3 ?# f2 H- S3 j' B6 U8 x- l 50. Teach-ins) K. |9 Z$ t& N& R
% Y5 s G3 k! z" }5 Q0 r2 J2 ]& i
Withdrawal and Renunciation
7 }8 z0 v# h* `7 I' q0 r2 _# F! } 51. Walk-outs& Z# c2 F8 F' E
52. Silence( L. m! e" n% J7 x8 Q( n$ d' `" ~
53. Renouncing honors
+ t! X$ v: A9 M9 x; |# T 54. Turning one’s back8 y S& |/ y9 N) ^" J ^: G
( s% b+ j+ ~4 z' Y! R. u v! m- B6 a; b7 y7 p! z
( I8 W: h" _6 l5 i6 F P$ j1 BTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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" e7 Y- j7 F% i# a* k; U" w0 A! u6 I
. r; A8 t& C: Z- r& J* qOstracism of Persons6 V( `! E2 S/ `7 A5 u' ]( } m; o- l
55. Social boycott
& ?0 E5 a: W/ b! |: [! N 56. Selective social boycott
% B, M4 D9 Q, T# @0 {: p6 Y 57. Lysistratic nonaction
4 b' b a5 ^: E+ W5 Y 58. Excommunication
# ?, }1 f- z7 I+ [4 u6 s# s 59. Interdict0 r ? k6 \" j& A2 H, _/ ^
! v! F- M6 C' n* U. lNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
9 Y/ ]' w8 t8 v2 h6 ?1 ? 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
4 g+ Q- Y0 m- @3 d 61. Boycott of social affairs' {# z# j }! x$ S
62. Student strike$ ]. n9 ^' P2 ~# y& j
63. Social disobedience- |$ M* |' g5 g' k/ V6 y
64. Withdrawal from social institutions" s" m6 B- f7 [) M0 Q) s3 |: p
. H" s2 j* h- B. q. bWithdrawal from the Social System3 O: k! a" O4 N1 {8 j3 J
65. Stay-at-home! T4 ]# q3 d% k) s
66. Total personal noncooperation
, n; [# o# o7 L. j+ \2 _ 67. “Flight” of workers4 _5 v% v, U2 G7 G6 G- e$ v5 E
68. Sanctuary& b+ r5 z4 l5 Q2 [- N/ p
69. Collective disappearance1 R$ M2 j( x, b M: Y
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)% M$ l% J: H& q! u
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( k1 H. F5 q" ? i2 G+ o0 Q, D4 }THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS) g! L0 [" Z M1 u% \% j0 f
) x* w5 k& v7 ^( I7 y. | 8 ?4 D% G# f e; C
Actions by Consumers5 I! L& o0 t$ T
71. Consumers’ boycott
- r4 K$ r9 I& o 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods# I' l% n; v* L2 T7 ~- e; c$ q
73. Policy of austerity/ k- u* u+ x7 Q& o- G: k/ Y
74. Rent withholding: E0 V2 |7 k* u% M
75. Refusal to rent
6 ~& f# ~( N+ }: L8 _2 G+ D6 H( F" T 76. National consumers’ boycott
' f l+ P: t7 {) S9 b) l) Y 77. International consumers’ boycott& D. F( o% {8 `" }1 a6 f0 x
6 o2 N- N" \; u6 }$ |
Action by Workers and Producers# o' y7 L9 [: j+ G3 p
78. Workmen’s boycott
, E2 s# c, E: O; } 79. Producers’ boycott
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Action by Middlemen$ c( p+ j. U6 u1 z6 ^# [% B
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
$ a G. ?( [* ?! ?
* X6 T F, r) @ L/ c9 ^Action by Owners and Management( {8 p. h w- ]9 V9 Z- q# `
81. Traders’ boycott
; B$ I6 |9 y( }1 D 82. Refusal to let or sell property8 q$ \/ E' q# i, `7 U9 @
83. Lockout
- @1 |# w6 K/ G3 a+ n/ x9 _4 M5 M 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
% s7 [# X0 x% u3 Z8 U 85. Merchants’ “general strike”2 q; E( F9 c; _% I7 K
8 f: p; p# ?* f7 AAction by Holders of Financial Resources
. E. v4 ~2 I, Y# t3 T 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits+ q j' o% C5 H) d, @- v
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
b5 g9 Z7 b2 a8 j% c. K! t 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
5 @% b4 K/ y. A9 r5 `9 S 89. Severance of funds and credit
0 m: X# o9 ?. e6 t 90. Revenue refusal
4 } R$ Z9 `/ B( [/ G( |9 f( d 91. Refusal of a government’s money
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9 L5 l" Y2 m! M' [6 lAction by Governments
, c8 e7 ?. w6 u 92. Domestic embargo
0 |' {8 u, q4 L% V$ _( W6 U 93. Blacklisting of traders" v0 }% M+ R' b) `7 f" H2 N) q" O/ c
94. International sellers’ embargo
2 E( i& n# n0 j5 O0 \ 95. International buyers’ embargo. S1 m+ D- t7 y' @
96. International trade embargo8 L$ W' g1 c# Q* V' D$ D: ^
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( y7 Q' j) [* c% G. I) W. HTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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8 ^ o8 _/ w ] x4 |3 z; o) KSymbolic Strikes+ X/ S- p$ j, C. Y8 w0 G. ~
97. Protest strike% j6 z% ~/ f4 F% N4 }0 `. F+ ~3 F
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike). m& P W# M" o3 z( C! X) q
' d- Z7 B8 o( p6 Y
Agricultural Strikes% } t$ } n0 O R
99. Peasant strike
7 x( l9 H" n: u& A+ B* v' d2 t! C: w 100. Farm Workers’ strike
: M4 @3 t6 o; R, o+ p R' [" h. P8 `/ \5 y% S8 r7 \3 ~9 a; y
Strikes by Special Groups& s d5 }* ~8 G& |5 i
101. Refusal of impressed labor
5 w6 T6 Y; j' O' ]' u 102. Prisoners’ strike0 }3 I0 x) W3 z4 l5 y
103. Craft strike
- s* X3 C4 c- J8 o! c5 a( G 104. Professional strike
% f2 C8 q) F6 c8 s$ G: M
* ~' i \0 \; T+ oOrdinary Industrial Strikes& s% U. Q; y2 a/ h J
105. Establishment strike
9 g, q% p( y" H5 T 106. Industry strike" r$ q5 K) q) M
107. Sympathetic strike
* y* j6 X* ^+ s# g, F
6 S' j. U$ O q6 n- s" M! w' tRestricted Strikes& W D% {. v7 r/ {# a
108. Detailed strike
. |9 d: v% O5 A# A) c 109. Bumper strike* O0 K) f0 h* G" H
110. Slowdown strike6 w9 C# D# V" L5 M
111. Working-to-rule strike
& k( S: J- x/ D( k 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
# B V( @* c: x% x- j 113. Strike by resignation
. G+ I" N7 z/ K4 R0 X4 h6 o 114. Limited strike* D4 o0 a2 z5 I
115. Selective strike2 H' d) O O! p7 e9 z9 z) r
) s2 |: G0 `% v& n* b
Multi-Industry Strikes; N# v7 d8 k. {" j+ R
9 j2 S; o( u$ c3 z# d5 H2 v8 E
116. Generalized strike0 Z3 Y6 s1 S7 O, a. Q
) o; B: @! [2 o; J) X2 c 117. General strike! n( R' ? l) f9 q8 Z3 S
+ b9 {! e* F1 d7 r/ b3 T1 }
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
' q9 x& l' N" p3 P
1 M8 H5 y3 w) d. _) q) k6 a& i 118. Hartal4 C0 M8 u% m5 p# U
0 J' l: f* `: I' t( [ 119. Economic shutdown$ d9 a& ]+ c* V# Y* J
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2 l6 R2 l2 p" tTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION$ m: t( J5 N% N3 j) V8 `1 X
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Rejection of Authority
: P: _! ^( @4 q/ ~ U3 w# Q) u- o 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
5 K/ F- N3 Y+ T9 E" d5 D 121. Refusal of public support% S4 F' Q- F9 w/ j0 v6 U
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
9 d/ ]% H& ^8 f# w Q K& \2 B x" u; u0 l( d% D) n+ B! E
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government5 O6 \+ s! f. s f/ ~6 S
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
5 \2 `% v# o. @' p" `7 C 124. Boycott of elections
' w+ a5 O" P+ m1 M+ N 125. Boycott of government employment and positions$ |9 a, S4 M7 `+ ~' d! o- E
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
8 _3 j4 R7 ~# \) T( w8 E 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions2 ?! x* u3 n2 e4 L2 w3 e
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
+ |6 u: _! S* b% { 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
% h" f: j( X0 n" h2 l1 Z; [8 b 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks, X9 H! V3 u7 j. ~+ d, @
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials M! m- V) G' ^6 ]5 w1 |/ b+ s
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
9 {. T% C: f3 _) Y5 z( K% R& r- ^+ t; f3 h
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience- Y. j2 o. [, {/ F) A1 a9 d& K' x
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
- ]; ?$ X# y9 E 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision) F9 ?. X. u9 f) d
135. Popular nonobedience
. e4 `0 i# ^$ q- d 136. Disguised disobedience' _* f/ }/ b7 W5 o2 E, p& j: f5 x
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse% J9 D9 W- n! x, h F
138. Sitdown, E. n: t6 C; ~% c
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation8 N# s7 W" i$ W) d [3 |
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities: O5 Z: u/ H4 q' t+ x
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws' ?" j. s) y( ]) q$ d
" V0 ~9 A. }/ v6 d
Action by Government Personnel, P5 _# b: d: M
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
: O8 ^: I% C/ s& B: W+ O0 |3 ]6 D 143. Blocking of lines of command and information% \) v* A& _0 ?+ \( Q/ q' C
144. Stalling and obstruction
5 F4 E6 d' Q- A1 B, P% O0 U% c 145. General administrative noncooperation
8 m: L+ i. z' k! s' m/ }5 l$ S: o7 {. A+ s0 e
146. Judicial noncooperation4 n9 T1 k; h2 z0 D/ \
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents" X1 Q. `+ y" W
148. Mutiny- g m$ s0 Z: | M- p/ O
Domestic Governmental Action
! B0 X4 |& L: ^8 S3 Z# p2 @ 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
7 o- E; X$ X, V) ~6 t7 V 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units, W( A$ u8 A2 E" C! x
& |( Z% I2 x* T+ F% n- l) c
International Governmental Action, c$ B8 I4 T2 F- W4 b
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
% A% u( c0 ]9 F3 o: a; v 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events2 Y C: K/ k% a5 I3 h9 A
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
S. Y& \$ F8 U+ x 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
2 C+ x+ h) ^( h) a# F7 \( G+ x 155. Withdrawal from international organizations. O9 k' | H. V# W3 F- X
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies, ]! J* l) C+ j6 _# v* ^2 R3 @! r
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION8 `3 h% C! G5 P
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$ Z- \" A, y% K& LPsychological Intervention
5 W" s8 _! _1 y' C4 p& i 158. Self-exposure to the elements
* n+ N0 H* A- [- j; U) ]( G 159. The fast6 J4 C3 b( n! @
a) Fast of moral pressure B( ~, J* [3 C; t" c
b) Hunger strike
: B$ G/ D# P+ ~) ^. n c) Satyagrahic fast
: M3 O+ _7 L6 {; w) [. j 160. Reverse trial
' p$ l, `6 P2 C8 h 161. Nonviolent harassment
6 L, s" c1 n. O
/ @. ]$ m x- {' h) a EPhysical Intervention$ A# _2 R6 J' d* `
162. Sit-in+ @9 ^. ~ X6 V2 v* Z
163. Stand-in
* o) I# @6 A4 z: Z; g 164. Ride-in0 ?* j6 b; P% s# B8 e: M$ M8 J
165. Wade-in
) ^3 n" a% ]* O6 @7 T; \ T 166. Mill-in
; R5 C6 C& M7 \. y2 ^9 a( l% n 167. Pray-in% P* _/ h# H4 ~0 v, ~; U0 B
168. Nonviolent raids8 |0 S8 c. K$ P7 r: ~
169. Nonviolent air raids3 O7 `$ u* w% L8 p
170. Nonviolent invasion' A( M( d5 R9 Q! E9 y
171. Nonviolent interjection
- h5 K U" ?# S- i! g V& \- W 172. Nonviolent obstruction& C* ]0 Y' S- `0 I
173. Nonviolent occupation4 q+ s5 s0 ]% A0 D
+ g5 K: a+ t( G$ Z/ A, ?
Social Intervention
1 S& a7 {5 ~5 u 174. Establishing new social patterns
& [5 d1 u6 B1 k3 o7 F 175. Overloading of facilities* j! D& ^$ _! v. S* m1 R$ h9 n; `) w
176. Stall-in
9 @' m# }. ]9 @9 L" @7 H1 w 177. Speak-in
% F a7 u4 R Y7 |: v0 m 178. Guerrilla theater
9 l% ^6 N& x7 P: t7 @ o( m( h 179. Alternative social institutions
0 U7 }( N! N3 p0 T- T* J/ w9 F 180. Alternative communication system1 {8 ?' w. I2 X- p4 z# l6 ]+ |
. f% ]: [9 B; h; X3 EEconomic Intervention
; [1 n% N8 h; m- p5 W 181. Reverse strike; s# c5 ]' L( y* B5 V% S
182. Stay-in strike2 ]" p8 }% x' q/ p# c2 i9 K
183. Nonviolent land seizure
" M4 C% n; D; k$ ]" M" v& S6 ~, J 184. Defiance of blockades E' A# ?) R& ^6 M$ P
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting1 X" C; I4 S4 t$ K5 j6 b% j
186. Preclusive purchasing8 ]9 R, t: t# P- C
187. Seizure of assets5 Z4 T. L% ]9 W7 {8 ]5 |) U: q! O
188. Dumping3 g4 s4 z# H* }! M, g3 k, R
189. Selective patronage2 \. u/ k( |2 A4 I& b# J1 P
190. Alternative markets% a w" }9 V5 @. y2 b. l+ ?+ \
191. Alternative transportation systems
( X; }8 d0 M; o. H; L* Z 192. Alternative economic institutions- _% c" B4 ?: Q8 d
- M' y$ @& W- d- F" oPolitical Intervention! l' z/ l/ ~/ i, [' T, n
193. Overloading of administrative systems9 T3 W2 n. I- n) d
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents% J1 p( V" D, X3 x8 S
195. Seeking imprisonment
! u* C' c/ u! ^* y$ n: H8 | 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
% [* @2 Q8 h! r5 O' @ 197. Work-on without collaboration
$ e5 E! `+ W* O, L 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
