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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
. J. |, ^7 x- ^4 R* M2 G! b: y9 Y' X- {* t# z' d; r ~! o
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -2 K" Q/ Y% V- L( q }" `$ J' q
4 L$ J" X1 S9 l8 Q TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
" K. j& \9 {* ` Uexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third) [6 M' ~9 W, n
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic. o# u( J/ B" X2 A
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
) u' S ]# ?; G9 ]$ Q" jprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and4 r) E4 t$ a: n4 z8 u' `
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,5 `" T, N, o* d4 _3 K
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
! Y" ?3 M! E& x: OLePage Real Estate Services.4 E3 _! N# W) b4 |
# b% h, }% w( @* M Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters: n1 E7 [) }% x7 M4 u$ j# ^9 z
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
$ Y- _; }$ A- Z# X! M1 hconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and9 {, \3 ~2 E1 V
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
8 ^- d( v. }/ T: O. g C m; Xresidential real estate sector.
$ W3 \* @# ^) e& j# ]" \; m: s+ d: G& [+ N
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
9 ]" F/ p/ _" y: voccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%) R. o! M7 Q1 A
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
4 q) {+ r. \( q(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380& Y4 f3 y" Q2 O2 \0 S$ o4 k
(+13.2%).
' W. C. d& d& J1 w8 B" f$ Y( y7 n; }" \' G) k$ O s& ~
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth ~! M9 M6 m: I" L0 c$ g
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
8 }0 i8 l' W! R P7 k: s. yfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
; [4 ]8 _5 [6 b! A' U% dpoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,+ Y- \/ B4 l! [, A
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
% r/ R+ R) y9 n8 g8 ? x8 ?) w"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We7 `9 \- J# f/ @8 Q- T
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
3 |" v! D' i* K& ^( Y0 G! obalanced market."
; w8 |- h1 z" u& K9 e6 n) ?1 ~. l! V3 [/ F8 \7 H( d3 Z
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
8 @& n/ x5 W8 ^7 H b2 yconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift, o g7 L; ]' k2 \ n& f* c+ o
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued1 j1 W9 @( r H& v; U) I# s
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core! P7 X, o/ I3 h b9 _/ q
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
! i h9 n% |& P0 A- qmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
/ O$ c- w+ a) J5 ~+ Dbreaking price appreciations.
) E# i% G1 J& Q1 F1 b/ ^) q4 p) T" O) o+ _$ R: W' a: i* }" i
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding! v( ~# M3 d5 I- S( X; a- a
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
. ]/ |% r& k6 e0 `largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed./ u: `2 @# ]1 d- M7 ?& u$ ~
* i. O) o: i; Y! r; n! | In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
/ H9 n: ^0 c4 N. [5 Geconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
8 v: S7 ^4 S1 Hconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
1 h- j5 v# e' \4 T% @slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.4 s7 I; |6 C3 j# e' i1 U
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers0 y& v9 @: N y: ]! |: Z* S
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of5 f4 ~! O) d' ?# @: O7 T
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
! a4 v5 m Q! e. a H
7 H! R6 e; Q9 X5 C& ? While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
, I% F4 G# o* k' F2 S9 Cmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and7 o' t1 i5 g2 n
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada3 S) P O, F4 p. f9 |8 K. t) [
are markedly different than those found in the United States./ E8 f% j& n3 E2 ]# h; j" b$ e
~% E" V* `! [( Y4 Y! w Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the F0 p1 Y% D3 [- ^+ X
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
) c5 [4 r1 U* j a+ A$ R6 m: \favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
( }' Z& V& R, S& u# {$ }! orelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
1 x" h8 W8 V2 j# v; G: haffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
& o- o; k5 t1 o( H+ j& B$ f0 Q8 O( Fdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and4 A7 R% ]' \ V- n- o$ A
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
- P! n. F/ Z& M( kmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."! Q! O7 A2 v4 g+ P0 x- z J
6 j) a/ _, K4 A9 U" o/ v' _" s <<4 ~* H F ?" E
REGIONAL SUMMARIES; \2 R& _7 n: H, k
>>& P( R9 J. r4 ?
5 W, l( j( T3 C+ X0 E0 \
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in7 z, |2 w- v/ Y- [
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate$ t! d4 z* @( e8 u
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time5 k0 z o( {( A% A3 J& }7 J
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
4 I( C& ]/ P5 G! i" A, qrenovations.2 k0 R( Y" z2 s5 N( Y
* H, e+ Q8 [6 t1 p2 L+ [ The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
$ c) i6 O3 T: g2 S8 s; M: m R& Vincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
3 O+ c3 E9 n. k4 T6 N |: x5 Ncompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and& ?) K# `! S# d# a; G& T! X
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
/ D U; L* A% U: S7 A3 k, b+ W, c
& k9 ]; }" v0 a3 D0 G The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer9 ?4 }, l8 R% a9 A* |
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
" ^6 Z# }9 Y& G9 E# Gquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
# d& S; A2 g) p! c- q& j600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores1 Q. k1 x( G: ]' ]5 [4 _6 b
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
9 L/ E% V+ i# o8 g* y3 Iand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
. `' n. M: f8 F) o" l! w
' a$ n+ o( e+ E6 Z" o6 w In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced- `; C2 N: M8 ^; _0 H! c
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
9 ]/ Z2 k2 t: |6 }3 Chomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers. l" k5 i3 ^4 t' V7 Q
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
& `& j" R! ]# l+ ^/ Ddollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
3 Y' J, Z, s) ^& e- ?% K* Abuyers with more options when looking for a home.
4 z+ G0 ^8 q: ]1 R4 [& c0 d' u1 b
3 h9 g0 p# t p* X- |0 [ Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
" _1 O) i, P' l. P% n% famong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes) c/ i( l' F$ g W% C6 v
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
. w C+ S! }3 d- S+ y has some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last- ?/ R' L* m8 b6 o% r
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.2 r$ m4 W0 Y& q7 Q" r
! j! w! Q) P, c; A( s4 y* r+ N5 Z# L Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house! s- l0 e6 d: Q4 C' T9 I
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory/ j7 M: F1 g, U- o6 w3 N9 T# O$ q
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting0 F- K& l5 {' U {2 ]
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,! t9 ^. v2 |9 v: T9 H
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
& I; _( }6 i7 Qpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before; P5 z: Y, F2 t; I' `
making a purchase.
/ c% D& O8 q. X! N! D# s/ n: R$ [$ o/ m* ~) \ U7 u
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing- d/ P" y: X) g7 w- J6 s6 Y
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
; n% h( U# m- S8 c' Y' Z, Iconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city7 y, ]9 j, {1 R: ?
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
9 t# R" u4 d+ w' [3 `attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
6 e1 y- o; [6 mamenities.' S& l4 g, V0 r( _8 a* R! q
4 ^) X( C2 g; [! o4 i2 X& J& q, W The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
8 k, H% s, j8 Y" A9 m m( Lthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand: q4 D, \" X( ~% p8 G z% b
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has8 R$ f) T1 {7 n$ ~5 O
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been. ~4 r4 m5 j% p; W7 N
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
6 @& I5 ^6 I) nresidence, rather than for investment.
7 e" K5 K) l' V9 `) _4 E* Y/ C. c F. N# u8 u8 F; _1 H% w
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
: ~& s( L7 d" d7 w# d8 e* |8 uhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted) G% q: J! \) X5 `7 @
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer% x% C' x2 T4 Z6 p" v1 S
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization( N$ O, w4 r4 p6 }
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
i$ \" k) k5 `* W; Qthe market.* {3 V1 j& H E, `0 c; S+ [# ?
" d8 W/ b# P3 O6 e In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
. B U, \1 u/ X4 u/ ?" [July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In' w+ E; M3 q: M, j& i2 ~
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
% Q$ g6 M5 x$ ~, r2 f3 _months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due/ v7 w- c* Z) G- m8 R2 l M
to the shortage of available inventory.& Q. f9 c3 f2 [' q" a' ?
2 p2 r3 ~8 Q) k: n; K Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its; E9 s- l3 q+ D( d) e
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains% C. _+ }* g5 z2 p+ e5 p
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses# q% K- @- H% a. f9 e: L
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
& v; D& Y( r* q2 ]7 A
% b, H! a+ i3 u Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases) I" X. ^" `2 V) q: L' W
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
! \, T, Q* G, L. aunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that' w9 t' _+ H( O; A5 r
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring2 A( |: x# j3 p. d
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
# J1 I) d7 L s2 V+ s( x8 jseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
/ M0 q: | L6 g" P0 v/ ~buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
& o6 @$ [$ |2 }8 H5 d, b% O3 m6 u
8 x( Y$ B2 Y3 j Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter) l! W& \* @) ]* w% D
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton# f& ]# v" B( v
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
1 j/ }( E. ~+ P9 jmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices; A: V% Z' j8 l+ W5 t
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve- A' H! w/ K! s8 b) R1 S6 j7 x( e. k
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly) P* o6 T* h5 K# ~- j- s7 K( |
towards the end of 2006. 2 i. y/ N8 b& X/ U" u2 S
6 ]. ?1 A: Z4 EWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
+ x1 X% f( E# t9 r0 R' O* iinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable+ M3 j! g$ g" T L
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
) b5 ` X* j6 y! m/ igroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to$ H" y9 T9 X1 c- N9 [; ]
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
9 H7 x6 E& {; C' h5 k4 Hpressure on tight inventory levels.1 s2 e3 e+ \3 V3 F/ H, K+ l
8 ?9 J. V2 I$ S9 q
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
3 X. K5 e5 n$ Q. `6 Ifundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
2 e# d0 S: S% P* Ainto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;! K7 T1 {% h: d2 Y. }. `$ F
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
' ~% k* T' T, e( i* P% L( gfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
$ G7 p: r4 t$ ^" J
9 B! d0 m( N& D' z8 V# ?" \ <<, w; {- H1 ^$ z5 x
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
5 l. Z0 I% G- d$ w) A7 I j3 X) w1 F; b
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! r9 B* \* q5 ]) z7 A4 |" u Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
n6 X3 O0 d3 J1 {5 E -------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ ]: U& S9 j& Q% x! r 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
; _5 N) k4 E6 k$ \: T" _; P Market Average Average % Change Average Average
$ E8 I" T4 E& W5 W5 Q0 v' v0 b -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ _0 r3 v1 ]. w# e
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000. n2 @; b/ z ^( W- `
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 _+ I# k) d9 o) p8 g2 \
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000 j/ z2 {+ t- ]* w3 l- n7 K2 {
-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 ~/ b7 U! u1 [ T6 j8 x6 @8 [
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
2 N% I% ]. p" A -------------------------------------------------------------------------
" v! _( {" g9 e4 E7 Z5 o; ?6 L Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -3 r+ z( E# ~9 L3 @! H$ T
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) S- B& E) u* L+ F- ] St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333. l0 v" J" H1 ~: D% s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 O3 J) C+ L2 B' G Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
8 X6 b( w- z) } |. ?: u# a -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* ^$ I( x* X- O Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185/ \# f4 R0 b6 S3 Y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, L5 b- u: `7 u7 i% s! o. [ Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
8 Y2 o# k$ g1 g; e e1 A& v5 Z -------------------------------------------------------------------------
& ~0 I( H @& s+ J" o8 x! L" f Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
& t, I1 C K, d) F7 a0 {! y* q -------------------------------------------------------------------------
& Y$ ~% c2 {( ~( t) i3 K Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707, m/ q; g! x! Q. u/ ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* |+ r: p1 h" M) c Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500& t9 E/ A b0 u; w8 ?% e6 t- F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" Q2 Z. J7 O9 y# ~ Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389 p$ C9 C/ T! [7 c- O I: }: Y: E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------4 F$ U6 |5 O9 u! d% c8 m
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
7 U9 k3 {( B9 T' _( p( g8 Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------+ F( Y8 C' C2 u7 C
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
% V$ F* `2 I) l -------------------------------------------------------------------------9 D# ~8 y! x: U$ `
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
8 k+ {2 r$ n9 T" K- n' i; P$ Y' z; b$ K& I -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 G9 E6 H! e: j4 [7 z% x8 ]
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,8607 y7 H; K5 m+ B6 W& `
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! I( ~/ o l$ m9 u
?- M0 J: o$ d -------------------------------------------------------------
4 \* K! z) h5 n. d% q Standard Condominium
2 _ w4 q1 Z: t -------------------------------------------------------------
& t+ {" O4 ?8 D8 n5 {- E 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
' [, w9 K9 @8 L/ a% a1 P Market % Change Average Average % Change
8 ^0 _4 g _! a6 X: n5 T -------------------------------------------------------------
6 w, L8 R$ l+ m7 W" l' I" | Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%& I2 Q+ m: H1 W7 }/ o" h0 r1 f
-------------------------------------------------------------- ` I/ j; ~; Z9 `" z" A7 b
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
- H n$ D* T0 O* E# p# w2 o -------------------------------------------------------------! W& ~0 S* q0 z, L" @
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
! J" l; I% Q) S8 w -------------------------------------------------------------
$ _: d+ w ~. s# n- c7 }) w Saint John N/A - - N/A( p" z' \' _, w" f' r
-------------------------------------------------------------
# r/ b" @9 Y- i0 Q* b St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
0 ~) d" V% Z/ f6 ^# _0 x -------------------------------------------------------------
) O2 O( `8 d. | Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
2 b/ n! {+ |1 s& i& B -------------------------------------------------------------
2 R8 W" U8 j$ p$ d$ N Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
# E6 t4 h" m4 S: h7 i, C% Q4 { -------------------------------------------------------------
# u& g D* c0 ]/ ^/ ~% B Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
6 ^% h% n$ T9 ? -------------------------------------------------------------
+ Z, c7 x; G" Z Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
( Z) H- f, P3 o& e; P% m -------------------------------------------------------------# | I6 E: R2 `& N2 y* A) {
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
9 E- p0 U! d2 p2 N6 T8 y8 y -------------------------------------------------------------! G8 c9 S Z5 ?$ O0 f' |
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
3 X# Y$ h" ?7 B; g -------------------------------------------------------------; m( k D/ ^. t1 X" ]
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%( Q9 B. f4 i1 d$ @8 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------( l! \$ C: q4 f" Y5 Y q3 L
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
3 [9 A5 T" [1 |: S -------------------------------------------------------------
Y: R9 Y% u g: }: o: r2 `& k Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%' o2 \9 Q( f3 z' ]- Y- @; d9 t, v
-------------------------------------------------------------) [% ]( p8 Q. G( `
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%1 X% n8 `0 T& o6 y; K8 a
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 r" E' _+ P' C; f& l2 W% ^$ S# X National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%0 }8 r3 W4 T- ?1 L% N& K3 z
-------------------------------------------------------------
! S3 b/ @! A8 i. x) w/ Z! F >>
5 j7 t% h" s T: @+ E; I
: b% D& n, } M; y, K Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined& s" I3 {" R3 R' t. j0 b
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint3 Z1 f- s J) G/ v% b
John and Victoria.( {: a- ~6 o$ I
6 ^. e2 w% W) F* D- E" \ The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most! w7 w- a8 s* X0 I/ j
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of# D) r0 Q- z: I/ h; _* Y. W5 ~
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release9 C/ @% c1 m% O4 W- }
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price9 B/ e8 I: V; s3 \( P' e/ ~! I- _
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities! P* `! s7 @6 H, a) o
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
5 b8 ?+ o2 n) y! b' F$ w' Qavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current% n- _( x9 w! }. ^6 {. G, }
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
+ M/ B9 g( a4 ]# Hversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
0 i$ L4 a0 L( B1 Z1 ]4 }# ~November 15, 2006.
9 \2 i7 n: c$ y3 X: l3 Q Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
+ w3 e# \4 n8 t$ r; @0 b( D+ T" x3 ?fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
- ^3 c$ L5 p7 u0 ]( [6 k0 Zprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is# c# D, X& Y) M4 L
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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