你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

The Flap
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" |+ O* R" f( h0 ]A flap occurs in three situations.

  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
6 f$ k8 e) g. ?1 r0 B4 {6 w      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
1 H# p0 E& V6 B) J) ]                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
( V$ b9 Q8 z' X# n                                     
                
  water becomes wader
  Do you need some water?
! ~1 Y# i" @8 ?4 u/ s, Z% F                 
  letter becomes ledder
  The letter was in the mailbox.
                
  bottle becomes boddle
  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
                
6 Y( M5 A4 M0 i- d5 }! V  butter becomes budder
  The butter melted in the sun.
                                    
  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
) N4 A4 f  s1 T' a  x      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
3 v2 [3 U; `0 q: m- U+ k" A4 Q9 C- `      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
+ x; W" h! ~  M4 O8 d+ E      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
      quickly.   
                                    
/ a# q" Q' n' S& f+ i         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
) X+ D( x, B) V. \                                     
                   medical        She is a medical student.
% E0 I) v0 k' J                    sediment            
, X! Q+ a8 w7 J8 |" {$ q7 WThe sediment on the river bottom is course sand.

/ i5 w' U1 V# u7 ^" j                    cadence           
# j. Y. i1 ]* J4 p" ~& g% N, jDrums keep the cadence in a marching band.
9 N1 V$ `; b! \, D0 L
% g, g! c* m; f" ^/ n& D                    cider         This apple cider is great.
1 K& Q% \: I+ a                    spider        A spider has eight legs.
! ~1 H8 K' U1 X! h, q                                     
" h  t# ]2 v5 I) h; n& k: t0 `, P" J  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
       next. (see section on linking)
* J7 k2 ~$ v. W! G! b! U                   
        Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                  
& ~- k8 I, S" B  V; I            'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
          I'll get your bags right away sir.

; _: i' p# r, @1 X* @; }
! D" |' N) a& `; A. R6 Y                   
           'what if' becomes whad dif
: @( s) M$ @) R1 d8 h1 C5 k( O          What if we go to Paris for vacation?
, }% d$ N" C4 P( u% c
) R! e5 d8 Q3 m  T. I5 H) a
                  
            'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
           Might I suggest a new tie?
3 N% s. V' t. |  v! i9 x

' X* G5 C( r' H8 h5 g                   
       
7 f' I0 z$ \' U! {Note: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
) N3 R/ T* n) ~. V' y; _; b$ ^          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop
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When a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.

                           
; `* p/ [7 p; P         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                           
# X1 u! [  T( x# G        
    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
. m# i6 y  G# t6 \% C) ~   Have you eaten yet?
       
1 [+ }- I1 {- ^5 c- q5 E8 |* ^    'satin' becomes sa'n  
   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
       
    'sentence' becomes se'ence
6 e* o8 F5 F9 \% t# P  q   This sentence makes no sense.
8 c! u+ b& k' ~6 @& _* m+ t4 i        
    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
: U) a5 ^  d( D- K1 I   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
       
' K9 G5 k) w0 H3 ?8 ]    'getting' become ge'n        
   I'm getting to old for this.
       
) T% p6 G9 L. N' {0 k$ w    'button' becomes but'n   
) r, L- i4 h: q   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't
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In an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
                                             
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
, g: o" h5 d6 ^; [+ C2 d6 q   Then the word is used in a sentence.
& ~# W! n' O3 g( D: k4 w( p                                              
       
   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
   We can swim in the lake.

0 s1 g: _1 P5 P6 z& l
0 J" Q! \2 q4 y: F0 E- T        
2 s5 Y1 Y& d) d   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
4 ~  Y: N7 v  U2 w  V! j% H   I can cook pizza.
) E; c- p0 k# F$ J

       
   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
   She can read Italian and Russian.


       
- _% b% u- F" m1 F: b5 I   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
   They can ride on the roller coaster.

& X- X$ i2 d. C! t8 d: ]                                              
/ o$ C$ c3 {8 a3 q9 s) T7 Q0 I$ ]# wIn the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
" B% B1 [; m. `                                              
4 [7 v5 M& t- ~% ?   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
6 [( N( L, B  f: z   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
! K! ?6 ]0 @) Y) I' i        
  'We can't go' becomes
( z, l! {$ S8 I* F, w   We KAN' GO.  
. u- F9 w5 n; h( G
6 i" ^! K- o8 f4 n% s' a3 {1 l! ]$ {We can go to the movies.
We can't go to the movies.

       
& B: V9 d; ?! M  'Larry can't speak' becomes
. O, S) e" X. A8 D   Larry KAN' SPEAK.

  n# P9 x  U( w3 R6 {5 L; VLarry can speak French.
Larry can't speak French.
7 I9 q3 p, ?. [- F2 ~2 x1 {
; y1 Q% g" U; H/ }6 O- G% V        
, `+ j* \: [6 v+ X9 B4 x+ S. w  'She can't do it' becomes
# w! h: P5 Z* u' p   She KAN' DO it   

7 {& P5 Y# h& y2 x  RShe can do it.
She can't do it.
) m* O) Z! n3 y
6 v" t! D& @2 g        
$ O& o! j  M; @1 o* s3 R6 _  'Some people can't sing' becomes
' ^/ E7 q9 Q6 n- A( ?5 X# b8 G7 \' }   Some people KAN' SING
& {: \9 I+ x! S2 L2 E* I) {& X9 ]! dSome people can sing.
Some people can't sing.
$ a+ d7 T- C7 i& L; {
                                             
If the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
5 l( X; |8 W1 x( A) U+ N  H                                              
# s5 D) X' i; n   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
   Then the word is used in a sentence.
! n, e& ?2 Q3 C! E3 x1 ~, q8 ]                                              
$ b1 s' }2 j# D" R2 T' f5 \  j  L        
   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
! y' E* Z3 Y' p" D$ V6 j& W% ?0 |1 ~   We can't attend the concert.
       
   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
* h  Q% e6 u$ ~; h1 A, ~, m   Wally can't invite her to the party.
- b* [% n" b0 j5 _% ~        
   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
& r/ X# U; u' S$ u   He can't answer the question.
" B: b7 {* v2 _) L+ ^! i
( i+ Q/ T+ y' B. R+ J# U        
8 H. i* f8 p, L- i% d% X  O   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
" l# F5 `! m( \7 D% o* G- p2 B   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions

$ _1 \* ]- t  N: j) GMany times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)
4 T6 [8 f( Q( d7 G4 ]9 L5 @
; d3 k4 N' S; i                   
# G0 Z! k* d7 a  P$ i     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
. y: Q- b! m# N5 _                           
7 V+ {, p) h9 ?! u2 f% B        
    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
       
   
9 I' E. i' z2 I
! Z. P  l$ F8 s        
    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
- F7 M8 U7 Z- A. g% B1 I3 V1 K    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
       
   
5 C& n, m) h) g2 t& Q" k" I
       
! H' S1 z1 v  }* r2 p    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
       
; Y9 p$ ^- c4 a8 G/ I  C2 I, Q   
) \$ e$ t1 `9 s3 U! x0 t; |0 p
       
; A+ Z2 [* a8 G) k; w    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
. N$ E6 T/ `2 a) U  v   Larry doesn't study hard enough.
1 K' J4 X  w0 i" ^
# F% v: i' ^: [, |5 n" G