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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
5 i2 ~ ^& N# d2 d7 f; }6 K
# C. X: [' C, m k$ M9 ~- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
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7 i. w2 P% U1 @4 {7 A" s9 B TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market1 q+ }1 T; W! W f; A$ h( F$ _
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third* U' U s# Q2 c2 A* d$ j
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic2 U& ~" G4 ]* U$ K$ i7 m% K( ]- w. F
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
. E% S5 d0 _+ q7 Xprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and/ H* [; }" @( I
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
1 I, ?, J. P. c7 ]5 }2 k eQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal, I4 J F/ C z/ ^
LePage Real Estate Services.
) ^$ V7 n3 l+ n* w- N/ n8 S& i$ p7 A/ j& \0 K5 M8 g
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters. n5 e& I2 [, N c
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic! a. Y5 x. v/ Y1 ]- v; v- f
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and. J; R! k3 C0 t5 ^ X
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
. r1 u. p% r6 u- T; }" x1 ?residential real estate sector.
1 O! Q5 Y+ w- }+ n! J7 g( O; C% @3 e/ R
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
& K3 ], j+ j6 d! poccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)2 [5 t) @7 Z* s' _; I
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
0 w }- w8 ]& r8 u' ?; G; @(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
/ {* j/ t( F/ N, p& b# [+ O& L(+13.2%).$ L( u& B5 J% s5 Z2 J6 o
1 T2 v. p9 o0 Z$ m6 j+ C& y
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth/ P5 w) x" n* U$ E( g
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
$ r! G: C' C/ d3 P# {$ @7 R- wfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are4 X8 s p# }" ^3 R6 _, S! V: {+ x
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,6 `6 k/ v8 m3 q! \
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.) m/ M% l9 S2 R4 u+ X4 p4 P% ]" {
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We5 p2 I/ w/ i1 a+ I
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
: \$ p6 ?4 e# v5 V4 c) sbalanced market."( w f# r8 e D7 F5 f
( J6 l. J! f$ K, [
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,8 N& f4 G1 [$ p0 k3 G
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
9 \' E6 C4 I9 L( J; {1 ito balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
; M0 A/ D0 w/ u$ F( I* mthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core- @# P' v% p6 _ o# ^0 I, T
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,# b4 d0 P$ ]! X: W7 g
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record; q7 d( X1 o4 Y- {1 J+ ~
breaking price appreciations.1 K8 I K! b8 \$ w U6 s6 x
2 N0 V& B$ \# ^- Q% P Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding' h) l w/ r7 T, @5 }; {
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the( C6 r1 P: x1 u0 \8 ~$ `
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.. d, J) _: w$ F3 B$ E: k
% k) A9 |5 X1 ^
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid$ B* o& L! O: L" P' c: k/ N
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer% w$ ~9 @3 f$ q: T5 O2 {
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off" A% r0 U; X7 m R7 z
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.2 s8 p7 v) p+ s
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
; D9 W1 k5 M# A' d( M2 Z% qgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of3 r! E6 g+ M2 [: j: w/ z: t
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
+ I M* k7 A7 g% q0 o9 n1 D1 ~- _$ q7 X
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
* ] m* l6 Y: q2 ^- f" n; pmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
. W- D3 e0 Q- p, J% ?# L( Pfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
4 ?2 w- C+ l7 y# D9 r7 z4 sare markedly different than those found in the United States.% Z, {0 X. w! W* t4 T# |
2 {7 w& k. l9 k6 I0 \$ U Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
* O* E8 K- C( x$ A4 j; E6 QAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's2 |$ ~' H" G$ P9 j. \2 J
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the+ f/ H6 L( u- M1 ^2 V0 J h6 W
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
3 c4 h! m; V8 c! @! Naffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the* b( n. ^* A) W
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and: j% E: A x$ U# P, z" h
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization, R; t7 L/ x1 r1 l: Q
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
$ q. f" C$ R9 ~0 U; @% U) h9 k
" F% d% j* V4 A$ J( Y2 j <<
# l: s* G! l- |$ Z7 p REGIONAL SUMMARIES
( n0 m ~8 \: F7 @6 Z9 T4 v& x' a >>& R5 n4 A) p# e& y. ]8 k4 e, E- E
7 m$ \1 G/ @4 ]; K" ^6 ]! m, ]
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in& b2 V9 ?0 Z1 [8 ?# o
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate- p# F( G$ { v" ]6 s3 T9 I) E; W
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time% a5 w: V, O' o) _4 L' Y0 v, c6 V P
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of3 n/ E: k5 U5 M5 p( Y8 Y U
renovations.4 Y/ p4 ?. e0 U( R
; z: n @: U( V- |) M4 o; ] The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight, C- }& A. l5 J2 M* d
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation8 W9 b" H' s) T. n# R
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
. h4 u6 b: R5 Z# y0 vSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.4 i8 B+ h, v, n' C$ T+ `
) c5 G* e0 _) S( ` O& C* i
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
* ?3 `$ p& J. E( d. \) w% V7 u! Kslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
9 J/ E; Y' {! y. _. e0 R& |; Yquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
% h' L- V, C5 o# X4 E$ `( C' M600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores5 C8 [8 M% R! w' e' ]( e' }. \* F9 x
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
* z# d6 e/ |- F! }* ~and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.1 q. z$ s F; X. W' `" }
* [: m& r9 k# c5 a$ K. e( @
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
! a& v/ g3 T! c3 t! S+ [% Mconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
d% W( B1 p/ f% I! X/ z8 ]homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers& j/ h J: J" Z0 ~& O
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian+ z0 T4 r- V E3 U0 q Q
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
( X" M8 ?+ E" i+ Kbuyers with more options when looking for a home.- z; ]( y' @3 P+ i
2 T' `; C' X$ M- P Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly9 A6 q, B& T$ T0 r" W. a- m
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes& ^' N: q7 }0 T: r6 ]
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,/ @1 B0 L2 o' k
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
# x2 R Y& b, n9 K1 h9 }$ ~few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
8 N: E6 R0 v% Y
" Y+ z& i, `6 b- a, R Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house$ e9 b" x0 ]* C; r+ N* K) Q
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory3 i1 W" r/ z6 o6 K# j& x+ L. ^% L
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting& e5 M: W( g% L. E0 ] H
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
) G7 @- t$ x: z- s# J( ~when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the' U/ } A, @) ~7 ~1 L
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before( o* @! T2 t+ `3 ~; ]( p' ^ e
making a purchase.
8 u: B$ J0 n! z+ |+ }' J5 O+ n) j3 m9 q4 V0 M: d
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing! {/ N1 K3 R7 e- X( t
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
# ]; U( P0 v$ v3 R [confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
4 a" v: S4 S- K- O5 V/ T7 g7 h' Zcentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
5 G9 \9 B, p0 ~9 I L0 Eattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown5 M! a" K G0 |, [1 ]2 U& N' Q
amenities.. P: Q6 A1 j9 d
* d- s! c& p: B
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels, ^8 E# y! [: @, h
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
0 o9 D' ]$ x y( S+ B, i, Lacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
* k8 R( N4 G3 {6 q H& @; Ocontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
* P% H4 w2 ]% N- \* k* Z, x7 i gdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle& V* O3 g* G+ ]/ e
residence, rather than for investment.
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6 _2 _1 z6 @/ T: z. z The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
+ {6 ?( J4 i) a1 q9 b. F/ d3 Dhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted7 |8 a8 F5 _3 h7 n
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer8 x. A( G7 K2 l8 ^$ `: S W
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
8 X8 U+ ] Y) e' t6 U" N3 V- ]) hrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter: k v9 P% _& n" l! Z/ A( y
the market.
" c# x! j! p% e3 Q, Q0 \+ y
1 N, N" b' |$ E1 b+ e( ?8 }4 ~7 C In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through: K4 f H; u2 _" o& s+ W6 x
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
: u: v1 h, _, p; h$ }3 p% D$ Y: M, {August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring! S5 A( `, `. F/ H; S0 u
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
1 d" }; v' H9 K& i3 L3 R( ~to the shortage of available inventory.# I& ~9 T: ?; d* w7 q5 l
5 Q5 U7 K) G' C8 D
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its4 F' w' U4 D% Z9 o' |/ Q
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains7 u! ]/ Z9 V" _* e0 c; U, @$ i
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
/ }( O3 }. a5 ?, Pstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.7 O3 \+ G" E/ a0 [
g! f& V" s% A; X: L
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases+ G: a8 D& e. g* q: `/ |; j. ?
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
, _0 k0 Y& l" \unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that: |- n5 Y/ l7 }
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
1 ^& C; x" p- L/ _: jprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
( A `4 G4 ^7 G9 d* Y% a) @* kseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
`, v5 A ~4 m& ybuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity., X0 G4 W# K+ H
1 }4 F# N" w+ |
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter) ~/ `% W/ Z5 ^$ b
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
0 {" h4 t* D* X& w: M" y: xremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,5 n. ]$ S, f4 p
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
0 I! b J( g7 z6 ^increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
V8 F# N, b8 X9 q8 ain the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly" ]# o6 _4 _7 P: i! {- }4 w5 B. y
towards the end of 2006.
0 N) u/ G0 u; {) o# ]. l) ^' L0 `. i9 u
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of( V7 u" | |# J5 i) K5 l
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable; h& i& T; J/ W/ y
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse0 E/ i) H$ M" B" {$ n' {( [
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to; a5 K' `+ e" j. A) {
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added, D! N1 u/ k! j# c" t1 u
pressure on tight inventory levels.
" j# @, A; v T, M6 w
$ d& |7 g3 V7 P9 M3 o9 b" P8 ^ Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic) C; _/ @8 a: A w; q5 |) e
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people) ?8 i; | @9 ?" Z
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;7 C( d" K* E2 V3 t( X) q
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
0 O+ L8 g7 E' c! y& K' z5 s+ I& mfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
- L6 a" [& o. A. X( ?: Y2 y/ A0 c
<<# o3 T- i2 ]0 r6 g) s2 `
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006/ b- l2 F: K. G' c5 W2 k( V7 n) e( U
/ d3 @( ^4 [& ^% E9 p
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 _' p6 e' t; a1 | Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
2 R# o' v1 B4 {; ]4 J/ [" C% t -------------------------------------------------------------------------( M- h x, j" {7 u U4 m1 F$ U
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3- l+ H; H: o) ]3 i& R
Market Average Average % Change Average Average( c, o; ]* f, G0 D) W( R/ S% K
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
& |2 ?9 E3 N' q- U5 ] Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000; l' E# O& f4 v3 V$ A6 p6 O7 x. e: P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 W5 u/ H; I5 P5 ~* K4 d
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,0000 q4 \+ Y( G/ A+ l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! i$ a( p/ o% G Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
; N" t; p' g1 b8 v4 u* P -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 ]# ?2 O8 w% q* m
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
# X; U$ W. K& [1 W -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 @5 e1 y# i) `
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,3336 K8 T5 y% c- _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 }5 U1 A. f9 d* v8 @ Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
, Z }4 L6 D" D4 e$ }3 g; b/ G -------------------------------------------------------------------------; I! n) E* l" ~4 Y2 r/ q
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185+ [6 y( S8 r/ D. h! [/ l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 m# O. ?, J9 q- p' r Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250& K9 }! h! f9 B0 [4 B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ \' p z4 h+ ], X
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766, H" X6 }5 C1 E: g9 R" m7 U: U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; V) e3 C- W6 r, w4 U3 ~; J2 X Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
4 ]$ H6 K' b# E5 N. G4 j+ V -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Q9 z6 w$ b0 y" F( B) @
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500) }8 }( j) H/ v! ^; m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------0 T, r' e" g. u1 ~
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3893 c9 ~1 ~! ~! j( N1 D! |2 e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 n# ?3 Y8 Q6 m5 B. z9 x8 _/ E3 W Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
* F: o7 M- O& K( B -------------------------------------------------------------------------# W" q% A$ {3 R& m) T4 H6 R3 r
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
) [7 o- z; {, m5 M -------------------------------------------------------------------------
' E) C) G0 A. D; u Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000) ?$ s c) S3 V! B! Q5 S
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# \& L7 g. W M% X National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860& v, ?! x) b/ G& j9 `, P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Y5 U& F' i' {
$ q' s- V- Z' C- w -------------------------------------------------------------
0 s& O) t2 g5 g. d/ D) N Standard Condominium8 U! h7 _, @0 B& F" Z
-------------------------------------------------------------
# D; s: Q1 y# D 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo1 t/ _0 t0 @$ q
Market % Change Average Average % Change
& a) `6 r8 A; v- F/ [ u4 p -------------------------------------------------------------9 I q7 q, J# T# r0 [9 y
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%2 T: M0 a$ s/ x5 u
-------------------------------------------------------------
0 c" E3 f! H3 u4 e7 w# N7 F6 } Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%: `2 X! |! E8 C6 u! ?
-------------------------------------------------------------
: g0 Z& l% y% N4 f0 q/ L/ R1 Q Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
. ^2 y6 H. _/ |9 k+ V -------------------------------------------------------------
) J, h% J. N9 z6 f) a5 \2 A7 P/ s Saint John N/A - - N/A+ G/ N8 z5 z, F ?7 I5 h' Q
-------------------------------------------------------------8 k$ f( e7 {( I$ d
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%8 M0 h& } Y& v. S' D4 m
-------------------------------------------------------------5 i1 Q. k1 k; e1 l/ x
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%& i$ d" ^; I2 _
-------------------------------------------------------------/ L# m$ A0 @" \0 V6 `2 W5 ^
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%8 M0 a8 |- T$ R2 q
-------------------------------------------------------------+ j% D) G, F4 L5 I4 w1 R
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
- ~- U8 y! m" v9 X7 H6 E% W; m$ s -------------------------------------------------------------: x3 d( g( z& @, E. I# o. v u
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
8 |- _6 @. n0 X2 _ -------------------------------------------------------------
' M& Q( f( l1 B# B9 x Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%, W5 n: U: d6 i# d: R; l
------------------------------------------------------------- k# r' F m% c$ m2 N/ R
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
# W/ G% |' j& x J/ ]/ F% w4 A5 E -------------------------------------------------------------
! [+ q* c) ^- M( l! A0 c5 {: e Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%# p/ ?0 |# g, @& F1 V( L
-------------------------------------------------------------, _/ D% [4 \# u7 r |
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
( v5 _4 y& S, }, x. Z -------------------------------------------------------------
: f- D+ U. u8 c Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
+ j; u6 O5 Z9 ^/ x -------------------------------------------------------------
) S: T6 T$ V) Z$ F8 f \. B, i Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
$ Q6 U% A0 n/ e -------------------------------------------------------------
0 D5 G$ |! W7 s/ [" P' j National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
6 H- r" E% z7 [# u* }) h -------------------------------------------------------------
8 K }- ~6 x6 |. z0 |7 k >>$ E' u: ]$ E* b8 W, W2 P
. m: G* ^* D! V f" y/ ?
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
7 T3 x0 i' G, A1 z5 z$ nin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
; P7 x" K$ m, k. q- TJohn and Victoria.
3 S' P- C8 d/ c( ?% \/ k; x2 {7 ~6 N+ o( E0 V6 E9 x
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most P0 E" W" C3 } O3 B
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of% ]! w' h, Z! J2 V. o* T) ]: A9 L$ K
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release1 B4 m* H3 e8 N Q
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
7 r9 |4 @+ _* ~2 ^trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
: t# ]; t! r6 n" r2 S' x/ U/ x& Nacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
* i: a3 ^' e. ]7 Ravailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current$ Q6 `" m! D# g0 P3 [
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable. Z% D4 l: M- \% w8 T- N
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
7 K& d0 s8 L% f0 S" f0 o! s' U; {November 15, 2006.
G6 }# j0 w3 ^9 B2 I Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
) k* a8 C Q6 Q; Z+ {0 {fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge2 i! T1 J J2 v/ p8 l! i" m% P
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is, ^7 Q6 a& D8 x( ?
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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