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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
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2 I: k. c9 N5 R, u- B- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
6 O0 S" |: u% U$ d0 q
$ a0 O7 ~6 g. P0 Z3 u TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
; V# A6 |- j! A/ Zexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third# d, @+ k7 v6 k4 [
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic8 v) I5 q0 ~' J- R
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit0 Y }6 q9 b) e% j( I& Z$ D5 s
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and( d# O, Y9 c/ [) P" O) v
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
8 f7 g9 O- C) a$ @7 G4 C! ^/ z; ^Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
# Q8 t+ i# z0 hLePage Real Estate Services.; _; o0 j9 a; s. O$ I* g
& n% @/ c5 _& U' J" k; G
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
8 M- D1 C# ?/ Y, Eare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic# e( ~: w7 C' \! s5 m
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
k8 N$ n% E) ]4 T3 Fsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
7 j8 B! ?" A/ O3 Q2 Q! Vresidential real estate sector.
# k6 J8 x/ O- f E; ~& M
. G' v, V$ ^: r% f Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
: e9 J+ ]/ E3 V6 ~, t) Uoccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
) C; w4 g/ s# B: _year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,5625 s& e2 G- u2 k5 W% q+ c' L
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380. {# F+ H+ T, n2 v6 m1 c7 f
(+13.2%).& ^: V; y/ a) |9 c* l* X6 S. h
! [/ ]8 A E3 _1 I4 p. V
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth R e9 Z5 V0 @6 n; |" T$ t
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the5 C" ? k; q) N% I2 e
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
{, G0 n5 ?; I; ~/ r( wpoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
) Z5 N6 {' L0 g! z: b8 vpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.) Y7 ?! e, b! p/ J! Y* p q
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We8 k% w- J, _" f2 M" [2 J
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy* v: f$ Z- S0 y. F, {: G$ i
balanced market."- t! ~6 ?2 V1 y
. u) \5 o) F% D4 m0 H5 a Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
3 S4 d7 F `3 t( w6 Z, W& t5 Qconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
" S. l7 S. J j. A+ N+ a7 s8 Qto balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued* Y2 U, e- K# o0 U5 l
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core! M# }! u8 O2 d) I) U; x% C
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,' F& g6 {/ b2 w" s* e
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
& M* K' ~& l: \. ]+ P6 U" ^breaking price appreciations.
7 U+ Y: A6 _3 L8 q0 T1 w0 v5 @& ~; N$ |, B1 m
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding* r9 \" K( u+ S( C: t, J4 b7 `. U R
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the5 x- F' b% A- k9 q/ N. O* B, H
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.9 l& ^" C x- p- q2 L$ R4 K
- V0 M; R. u0 v. a- z/ a( i" Y, N2 s In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
$ p) s6 J- v5 |/ j/ {economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
' m) a7 L- k/ |( o: ~! o \confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off# l6 t- |7 L! ^3 P0 e" A
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.; P# _( X) Y4 P' U$ v J, X
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers& N1 g( b0 u( R# j; ]" `; u, g
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of. Z6 A! a3 J* B6 V' G
price appreciation when compared with 2005.9 i4 H/ m" O; j' W: {, l5 l
5 p6 ?* j% G, K0 {* \. u; w5 ~( W
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
. v( s2 o, j: K% hmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and/ U3 y& E6 H% x! b0 u9 X
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
/ d/ w6 C4 c0 f* O8 _/ bare markedly different than those found in the United States.& k+ d) E1 E# n& [3 T5 \$ N5 {
1 R# l# Y) E/ G c* u) W: C$ ]9 D
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the, [, s+ {1 j1 Q/ M+ H/ h
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
& @/ k+ N8 @, [' K0 ~' h; u( ^" ]favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the! j0 i+ g9 ]6 q, v* q
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
! o8 q8 ?" R; ^% I. z+ daffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
6 D: l- Y* K" {2 O: {9 kdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and+ [$ s7 l& Z/ K# S; S
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization% @8 z. J2 P- u( M8 Z2 a
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."8 M) p2 p1 p. S L8 i" G
: C& r6 O* e' l, O <<
7 p% v. Q! E! e w9 O REGIONAL SUMMARIES: O: q+ M+ [& T5 V: c
>>% Z; @6 n+ X: t' e( Y. w
2 g9 P, Y$ |! ^7 b5 h
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
# S6 G7 u. p& E) ?2 }3 H' dHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
( ]8 m. f' A9 \: \; Tof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
7 ~2 L! Z h7 z9 u: [. a& qlooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
7 \0 `' y2 Y! jrenovations.0 C9 v9 \, A$ L; z& b
, ?$ D& g, C, B! K1 t5 L The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
$ \" Q, \8 _' o8 pincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
n" S9 [7 R# `- Icompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and$ X1 P4 H! C1 F4 r1 G* G$ _
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
8 D* L( D. M' h3 x; A: y, E5 `4 F- {! }# U5 R# J
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
5 B; K/ V/ q* ?4 S, V! v9 lslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the/ c; k* U* a& C8 z
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
# @) n h8 a: D5 u; Q600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores9 f j* W0 \3 l; F, r1 f. z
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes% Z6 T y' Y C( g$ _6 ]; x0 K
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.9 N4 I5 O% c" J2 A
8 W# A) |& n3 e* d6 U- D In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
8 E3 q) D. `7 @9 s9 L {conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their \) E2 N# _; z/ V
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers) k4 T7 h! H8 m* D; h; L
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
2 D9 l7 k! S$ [, J! V$ mdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
( W7 ?5 l' O3 t1 Wbuyers with more options when looking for a home.$ M' a' T+ n. o/ K# h
; J- t, ]0 o( X/ \- c2 S5 C
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly! h% j A& I. f, ]. k6 v0 x' T
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes7 {* W# ?9 L8 E3 e1 u5 f9 N/ e
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
5 e' s: a1 U# p2 ]8 b$ Las some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last% N5 W& L- Z& V; Q7 m
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
1 }' M7 H5 ^; }: L% H6 Y2 Y- l9 ?7 |6 M7 G; Q/ n/ S
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house. L% R, m4 g% @5 u1 G/ ~
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
; d+ S1 @) j/ U. \( u4 J6 u1 ulevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting# ]# G( y! }/ k
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
% n& E3 v9 B* P6 \& H" hwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
1 @; t7 n: a+ x" N( Wpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
% l, Q. m8 \& r" i0 h2 Y9 l: _making a purchase.
1 b7 R" E9 r f/ u/ h z4 ^$ S9 ~ L! |3 S- ^# ^
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing1 _6 ` K2 b, ^0 Y( t: @; i& l
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong( b5 {4 ^5 v- i G1 a. R8 O
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city3 Q6 ]1 v& e1 d/ R) u: h" J
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
8 Y6 X S2 {% |. aattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown; c1 i! N, l- ~
amenities.) Z/ y# u" I& c( c, M. p
8 {* @. @2 e2 ^9 ?
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
. |" i9 h- y7 y4 ]throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
* Q' r- Z t7 v) u" @* }' H6 ?across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
5 n1 }% k' v% z1 }, Y$ Jcontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been5 O2 T) }- ]% P+ i% g
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle0 x" ?. Q/ u# Y3 g$ `
residence, rather than for investment.
+ c: G' c, z. b8 B( ?9 r/ f
6 Z+ B8 Z2 ?7 p; T2 k The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as! M$ T/ S! {; e9 Y
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
9 F: S! d: h! z' l& Gin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
2 h9 P( V. C( X3 V+ L. p/ sconfidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization0 c, ?9 P& f, K* K* P: K8 ^
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter: v! i6 G3 s8 g) @
the market.
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In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
: K9 T% B" R7 P2 U* PJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In9 ^( n I8 @8 i x; b1 m/ J. u
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring# d# k/ a" L4 y9 `& k' q$ n$ [6 W
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
+ k+ D+ a+ j; `# h) K9 Dto the shortage of available inventory.' t$ X8 {9 S$ ?: x
2 J; S! k' M% N5 G& v0 `+ r Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
: ]: u4 q7 r1 \7 E d) l9 d' x4 l6 ]momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
+ [) Z; S% u3 ~" C M2 \vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses) r$ `' q1 S; r! C
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.8 J* m4 a5 h$ t& E k
0 A9 C2 M# @1 G; w7 u& r Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
/ E8 L( w- m3 W! e' D* a/ ?/ Xin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
7 Y9 S: r% I: P+ S, [9 Ounemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
) Q1 @ N3 E* q! qpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
k0 P; f! Y6 c8 w4 Zprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
$ e0 b, N2 h. p6 X. ?6 Gseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
a$ K F6 G9 V& F$ A) y j# dbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.* Q' R: k' ~7 j& S/ k
* q/ L; k4 _0 e; n/ `3 @3 t0 W Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
9 w/ f4 |3 z! z# W, r, ?# `as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton3 E6 n3 ^% t$ d; q4 @' H. [
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,; K, m9 e' O/ X0 R8 W3 O
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
, a2 h4 m: V; w5 X- g2 O7 Wincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve& C2 ^1 p& j; Y* V e
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly. {8 X1 d) r6 }: |
towards the end of 2006.
; g- w; y3 C0 q/ S
6 i: p4 {0 T# w2 AWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of1 r' f2 V% I( t- z
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable/ I. I1 D! ]2 K! _7 y" j
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
+ e2 [ t; I: P2 G) c# W' Zgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
8 h* {! Z% B- Mforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
2 s. _3 f, t e3 J: n1 |6 N K' B0 Hpressure on tight inventory levels., f. m$ L0 F: c# G ?3 j% m; }
$ M o: `( S2 B2 p. x6 ` Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic( w* W2 q$ r' ~
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people2 K5 \* R0 X1 I4 J% U# \: i0 a
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases; L- I& ~0 l5 D" r0 X
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching/ s- ]+ C. H5 x M' j( \
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.4 G2 d' l- ], h& n. K
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<<
8 J, o6 K) V$ o7 Q+ r# ? Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006- }) R# o [: a( g# _! Z' a
# j& i: v, `4 q" s' K$ c -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* ]2 {5 e% H! |6 V9 S. Z& Y Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
! X N$ g; v8 e. W4 R# v -------------------------------------------------------------------------9 z! N4 F( X# m0 E: v
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
% Z4 [" J1 K' K/ M- V$ ~ Market Average Average % Change Average Average- r5 o% n4 W* W1 h! ~0 u( i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 g0 p; x/ [% y ` Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
2 w) f& Y8 } k -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! I$ Y, x$ y5 z Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
& f3 P2 ~, u* [# i" ]/ i( L -------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 A: ]+ B% z4 z7 p s Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000$ T4 i% }' o, f; s9 R* ?/ u+ M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------8 w, F4 r! R/ N* Y3 B" m$ g
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
0 |& Y, Q; P7 j; `! b: C -------------------------------------------------------------------------. }% [) h) G+ Q! R- T/ T
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333' d- k6 h! N) R/ \2 {6 P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 }, G: G8 g8 ^/ x4 A) S7 R9 O% s
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583( }7 r! Z; [$ Y0 a' o# e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------# V- Z* s; U$ x, z# u
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185" [# H$ }. m6 P8 d# x! a! A7 R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 ]3 h0 y& t+ A Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
* H$ @ `$ o; @: j3 i -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% V% T1 x9 J* N" G Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766. ^% o+ ^+ _% E; G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 h/ w( X( {. f/ u. T4 d& Y; o+ [% L
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,7077 y; ]3 i: a" Q; v3 i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) M, X5 V9 r6 B Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
9 i0 O, L" P7 {. R4 v. s- j' Q; _! m -------------------------------------------------------------------------; k3 ]. B8 O- E% H0 `
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389& h3 o- E% z/ {! n1 P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 w# e- Q- a7 j Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
Q3 E1 K' E5 z0 F9 p -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 I" G) N0 ?( X( _- V0 v$ Q) ` Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,5003 y+ b' c8 @! M; W! {3 r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) R @% o, J$ P, h: d
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000; x p4 w3 K# U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) d7 G8 r* Z$ ]& x" [' j* E9 {8 z National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
; \+ x- C. \6 H$ p$ v1 Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------/ E3 Z% d6 h% ] D: l3 ?4 s
/ v) i$ p3 l- y' y! K# r* q -------------------------------------------------------------+ R% w3 L8 O5 [' J2 G( b; f
Standard Condominium5 j& v& y R5 @7 J0 F8 k
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 y) q6 ^$ H; b* _+ i: q 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
0 F) c, ~: C# \4 R6 _ Market % Change Average Average % Change: F' o8 e( p5 X
------------------------------------------------------------- \. y' y9 J' {! u/ g$ A* w$ e
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
( _9 \# y- \, R$ x -------------------------------------------------------------
: s: `& Y( J# Y1 a, b- W Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
% R4 l) X+ M4 s3 e( P' k- b0 e -------------------------------------------------------------
& y7 T9 E7 f1 o7 a; Y( E3 @ Moncton 4.9% - - N/A% b- ^. q8 G2 `( G% ?
-------------------------------------------------------------( z9 b% h0 y2 d& @' T* t( W! A
Saint John N/A - - N/A
7 j2 m- N! p5 L2 t' B -------------------------------------------------------------
1 A8 o+ U& m/ d( M St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
" ~$ M" T5 P. z* H! c -------------------------------------------------------------
6 r5 u: T: _+ |- i/ O' a: Y Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
( F5 ^( w/ }7 ?5 d. m) Z -------------------------------------------------------------% g; x% c3 b1 P: u6 k& ]8 n( q
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%" b( o u# } U, y& r: p
-------------------------------------------------------------5 c$ v1 G3 a; T0 q0 {
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%7 r/ h) d: Q3 ^8 g8 y, a% D
-------------------------------------------------------------( S1 {& U/ X* e/ H8 T. s. U6 g
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
) M! y- F; u- J5 S0 W: p+ C2 l -------------------------------------------------------------4 N" [$ H- K% F3 w* S0 Q0 E2 u
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%; H6 Y& K& ]$ L9 c$ }! c8 t3 m# M! r
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ @/ \" Q# {4 Q! }4 m Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%/ y2 Y$ G" ?. Z
-------------------------------------------------------------+ @6 R8 k$ W! s
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%9 {, N5 c7 X+ e' E( L
-------------------------------------------------------------
) K/ e% L# B$ W- U L4 n Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
0 d9 N% R' l+ ~* D* V; F& x# J6 F -------------------------------------------------------------
, ?+ n8 p( N, j- Q! O8 U Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%- X) {2 [5 r5 V3 k2 A
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 C: l3 o+ j8 ^5 j/ C Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%2 T5 }4 ]3 w+ G& n! e6 n
-------------------------------------------------------------
* x7 L8 A' U7 @ National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
4 r' a8 r9 `7 `& O" u+ t -------------------------------------------------------------, b$ p$ ?; O0 ^" [/ {! k6 c% E8 B5 }5 F! |
>>
# ?9 B1 x" o' A @3 F5 b- R/ e
# n, V a. N* D; s$ D( }" n5 @ Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined" g3 f) p6 l& ~. h% Z% ?* [
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint/ X, H: w4 _, i8 s h2 `: H' i) h& i1 j% J
John and Victoria.' b! T/ J* g! u
! R. L' R- [. C U9 V
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most9 j' l# t i3 A4 @
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
9 m9 x# t. `" Z& p7 a x" w, Ohousing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release- }) F" Y; n, V- @' P! p" S9 d
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
' W& ?3 J; O( R( L" ~trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
) w. ~6 w& ?- i4 ~* cacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
4 x2 t3 s8 q, Davailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
, S6 m* _ K" N g# p- J% u8 lfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
- I7 w5 s. \: `% R% fversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
5 P2 U( c4 R" \! S) Y* }; FNovember 15, 2006.2 J2 ? Q N G2 L4 s2 X
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of; D+ k1 y6 ?' U) M2 |+ d
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
" x; H: t9 G2 Q0 `% hprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
; N: v4 i! `% L- e P- Iavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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