你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

. g0 g- h* k* t4 {) z
, Q- F9 Y: O1 {& {- S$ I7 d) fThe Flap

% Z( @* _8 @4 x; `+ {5 n2 Y( _- M, RA flap occurs in three situations.

' B7 Y- i/ ^% o3 Z- P7 K  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
/ E/ K4 P% p: Y                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                    
: I3 P. _) X& [$ N: ~                 
  water becomes wader
  A! y1 [1 Z" C3 I' h2 d" C  Do you need some water?
# j/ ?) n5 K5 R; ]$ r, t! g5 @                 
  letter becomes ledder
  The letter was in the mailbox.
+ w5 M  N4 L8 }3 O                 
  bottle becomes boddle
0 C' u  G: V% ]/ D- j- \$ e  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
                
  butter becomes budder
  The butter melted in the sun.
) F3 ^2 d( D, ?                                     
4 n8 P# U$ D* \6 T6 m  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
( b2 f3 X  T5 G8 u3 Q* e      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
      quickly.   
' g' |! x0 n- ?( v1 y: v                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
+ l4 R8 L  ]* Q8 ?# N. v! H% M3 B                                     
                   medical        She is a medical student.
+ X7 [) `* T/ d                    sediment            
The sediment on the river bottom is course sand.

' G& L* P# @+ G: G+ E/ s' h( s                    cadence           
Drums keep the cadence in a marching band.
6 R0 a+ I* M' ?
                   cider         This apple cider is great.
                   spider        A spider has eight legs.
                                    
$ O. f& Y, c3 T, f4 c  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
3 s8 E$ k, D: k& A, `- t       next. (see section on linking)
+ H/ _/ J* e. E8 B2 a                   
        Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                  
           'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
          I'll get your bags right away sir.
& y4 y- b1 e  @# X  M0 d
/ I& @; p" I. S5 U) Y) ]
                  
) }9 H+ p- b' y1 v* a) q5 o, _            'what if' becomes whad dif
          What if we go to Paris for vacation?
/ G* ~# m: c* e+ a5 ~

9 h* e% r) s: \0 B: H: [                   
            'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
           Might I suggest a new tie?
7 A% R3 x! O" ^, [* P7 s

                  
  F0 t1 Y( A- Y) j2 {. \. D        
Note: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop
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When a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.
  j2 ?( @+ \! U3 c6 t% [
/ B2 N8 ~& b- T( c, }$ e                            
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                           
) ], }5 a# o6 B4 W# x0 R. m        
8 u% O( F7 H$ c    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
   Have you eaten yet?
       
4 z9 s1 m* P7 g  i7 _    'satin' becomes sa'n  
) a; \  z) G! b4 a' c0 f   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
       
    'sentence' becomes se'ence
5 g8 y: g* G4 d   This sentence makes no sense.
2 {! v: Y: I4 a: `0 c5 R5 j        
0 G* C1 |: Y1 E% v    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
% M* _  z7 _& x! K% L# ?; `   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
       
    'getting' become ge'n        
9 O0 w: {  \( M) U2 e5 h# O   I'm getting to old for this.
       
    'button' becomes but'n   
   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't

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In an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
7 I/ _0 N% Y# x4 L# r; J                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
% {; B! w6 x; ~. v2 B2 ?+ O" I   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
( e) P1 i/ o9 O; ^6 k: D9 z        
   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
1 F: X" J2 I2 u" V   We can swim in the lake.


# N% j" [) {) b        
4 n" f; `; ^$ a" A% T$ h   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
$ @7 l) B# P5 r! q! i) A+ A. U- q4 x   I can cook pizza.
  s  G$ Y6 H& p7 L1 @! e

       
' E/ z5 }6 ^. W5 _2 b   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
5 j* E. {# h, _+ N; o$ g. g   She can read Italian and Russian.
' c  P2 N, h/ z
/ _9 A/ i7 x0 [1 L
$ A0 I) C; t. {( l        
   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
   They can ride on the roller coaster.
; D/ v( x' P3 w$ C9 ]
                                             
. d$ x6 Y, D( j; J1 {, N" R/ Q8 g- UIn the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
8 o9 v, I: q: j" D- r) i4 f: G0 ~                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
       
' P* _; K/ S0 B  'We can't go' becomes
5 Z  \' `0 x/ a! E5 a   We KAN' GO.  

We can go to the movies.
We can't go to the movies.
% O) Q# d8 A$ @' W5 D5 s, A
       
  'Larry can't speak' becomes
) b# q6 z; w+ N/ z8 e- ~+ {   Larry KAN' SPEAK.
9 z( {0 V& E" e) `/ E( _
Larry can speak French.
Larry can't speak French.
1 x, a) ]1 d4 l" R, C! L8 l3 l
4 ~) K6 h; t% f0 y0 q8 l- i) W        
6 y& r, R! W/ k, I  Q: B) ^9 @% X  'She can't do it' becomes
) _9 S8 q1 _) }' a" d# y* W   She KAN' DO it   
* O, d  q3 ~0 I9 m3 X+ O% w
She can do it.
- r8 y- p/ F1 B/ O- P. U0 K4 H* jShe can't do it.
0 b. Y* h' U* Z0 m
       
  'Some people can't sing' becomes
! t4 |% T; X6 J0 ^; J   Some people KAN' SING
- T- q. B' ?  Q( ?( w/ p7 NSome people can sing.
Some people can't sing.

+ F* a$ Y# M  Z) C) p                                              
If the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
                                             
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
       
; x: F) o4 b4 Q! r" Z% x   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
   We can't attend the concert.
) x0 O8 S& w9 Y0 _2 a        
+ w' p" i: m9 a1 ~1 S   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
# A5 p6 @* @6 @! F! i   Wally can't invite her to the party.
       
   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
$ f  m, e) V9 _1 o   He can't answer the question.

       
$ i) }: S0 G, ^3 a* o, d0 j- E   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
3 R$ d+ k/ |& Q: @3 [5 {6 e! d   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions

Many times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)
# Q) a1 y- |0 j7 n% S
0 ~; a* N/ g0 w. i1 y  y1 K                   
  |, R3 M, E- Z* b. ?. {     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
$ }5 h/ \9 s* j# s2 m# }     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
3 A: V6 A: |1 K& Q  v7 _- T                           
3 U$ E3 d( Z7 `6 J$ z4 i7 K        
! r% ^+ V- ~# e6 y5 F! I, A    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
       
   

       
5 e. ^) P# O6 d9 L7 Y    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
0 E3 `: a! v2 T) d2 H9 B    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
. {' e: q: S$ F& }3 j+ G" t3 g        
   
6 l& C& h# X0 T) n
7 X) Z4 `$ i4 z3 A6 `' X        
" S( s  U+ j8 w! F$ {: C, B6 `    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
7 N/ n# A5 m3 U" Q3 o! q- R        
2 w% w. Y# p, M; v# [% h3 e* n   

/ A$ B: y: k$ O6 }5 i) n- `% X0 M. N        
    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
   Larry doesn't study hard enough.

% k+ j/ M" N$ a" t8 e% U+ M' `